The Frayer Model: A Concept, Definition, Vocabulary Learning Strategy

Frayer Model
Word Categorization

The Frayer Model is a type of graphic organizer that helps students develop relationships and categories associated with vocabulary. It provides students an opportunity to explain and elaborate with examples their understandings of a concept, issue or word. The concept or word is entered into the central circle and supporting examples, explanations, etc and written into the boxes. The example below uses categories of definition, characteristics, examples and non-examples. This can be modified with other categories appropriate to the concept.
Here is an example of a Frayer Model as it might be used in a math class to learn the concept of "Democracy":

Here is an example of a Frayer Model as it might be used in a math class to learn the concept of "Composite Number":

Here is an example of a Frayer Model used to understand the idea behind a sonnet in an English class:

English 10B ACT/SAT Vocabulary Preparation: Unit One

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2008 Period 4,
THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 2008 Period 1

1.1 ALOOF (uh LOOF) distant, reserved in manner, uninvolved.Memory Link: ROOF--the aloof cat on the roof

Most everyone though Theodore ALOOF when actually he was only very shy.

Nothing ruins a fine dinner at a good restaurant like an ALOOF waiter who makes the entire experience uncomfortable.

At the wedding reception, the bride's relatives were very ALOOF, hardly speaking to the groom's guests and family.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2008 Period 4,
THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 2008 Period 11.2 AUSTERE (aw STEER) stern, as in manner; without excess, unadorned, severely simple and plain.
Memory Link: STEER--a plainly dressed steer at a fancy party

Jill's father was AUSTERE, rarely smiled and was always stern with her about having dates with boys that he didn't know.

The AUSTERITY of life in the village was understandable. Many were jobless and evidence of poverty was everywhere.

Her home was AUSTERELY decorated, very plain furniture without frills and only items that were necessary.

THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 2008
1.3 BULWARK (BULL wurk) a defensive wall; something literal or figurative serving as a principal defense.
Memory Link: BULL WORK--bulls working to build a wall

Quebec City is the only city in North America with a BULWARK built entirely around it.

The budget for national defense is an economic burden for all taxpayers, but we must never forget our armed services are the BULWARK of defense for the nation.

Our mother was a BULWARK against bad times; no matter how bad things became, she always wore a smile and had a cheerful word.

THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 2008
1.4 CACOPHONY (kuh KAFH uh nee) harsh sounds.
Memory Link: COUGH--a bunch of smokers hacking and coughing in a smoking lounge
A CACOPHONY isn't noise alone, it is disturbing noise such as when people shout all at once.

Gene thinks all rock music is a CACOPHONY to be avoided whenever possible.

An unpleasant CACOPHONY of sound was produced when the orchestra tuned their instruments. But once they began to play together the sounds became euphonious.

WEDNESDAY NOVEMBER 20, 2008
1.5 CEREBRAL (suh REE brul) of or relating to the brain; an intellectual person
Memory Link: CEREAL--a skinny little boy eating his Cheerios to be a smart guy like his dad

CEREBRAL for a football player, the wily Kansas quaterback rarely called a play that wasn't well planned and thought out.

Dr. Clark was too CEREBRAL to be a boy scout leader. Instead of saying "pitch your tents overy by the cliff," he would confuse everyone with his big words and say, "construct the canvas shelters in the proxity of the promonotory."

THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 2008
1.6 CONNOISSEUR (kahn uh SUR) an expert, particularly in matters of art and taste
Memory Link: KING OF THE SEWER--the rat, king of the sewer, examining all the great garbage to eat
My uncle is a CONNOISSEUR of fine wines.

Art dealer, Jorge Guizar, is a CONNOISSEUR of Mexican art of the 19th century.

When it came to coins, Jerry proclaimed he was a CONNOISSEUR, because he had collected them all his life.

FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2008
1.7 FORBEAR (for BAYR) to refrain from; to abstain; to be patient or tolerant
Memory Link: FOUR BEARS--forbear from feeding the four begging bears at Jellystone Park
To FORBEAR your opinion on any controversial matter until you have first heard all of the facts is generally the wisest course of action.

Jonathan said his motto was to never FORBEAR a good party for another time when you can have one today.

Henry FORBORE his decision to close the store, deciding to wait until after the Christmas season.

FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2008
1.8 INCONGRUOUS (in KAHN grew us) not appropriate, unsuited to the surroundings; not fitting in
Memory Link: IN CONGRESS--the Alaskan senator wearing a fur cap, a jacket with fringe, knee high boots and a a bowie knife around his well dressed colleagues

Ed appeared INCONGRUOUS wearing his tuxedo to on an old-fashioned hayride.

The INCONGRUITY with Joseph's chosen career was that he had a Ph.D in chemistry, but preferred to work as a mullet fisherman.

INCONGRUOUSLY, Dianne speant several days a week at the library, even though she professed that she didn't like to read.

FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2008
1.9 LAMENT (la MINT) to express sorrow or regret; to mourn
Memory Link: CEMENT--mobsters mourning the burying of a friend in cement shoes

The song, "Cowboy's LAMENT," is a ballad about the lonely life of those who drive cattle for a living.

The nation LAMENTS the passing of the President while at the same time celebrating his achievements while in office.

It is LAMENTABLE that Roscoe quit college in his sophomore year; his professors considered hime the brightest engineering student in his class.

MONDAY, NOVEMBER 24, 2008
1.10 LANGUISH (lang GWISH) to become weak or feeble: sag with loss of strength.
Memory Link: LAND FISH--a fish walking in the desert

An outdoorsman all his life, Mr. Franklin quickly LANGUISHED in his job as a night watchman.

It was so hot in the theatre, Charolotte soon began to LANGUISH.

(To LANGUISH is to be LANGUID) The fish in the aquarium hardly stirred, moving LANGUIDLY when they moved at all.

YOUR DICTIONARY WORD OF THE UNITMONDAY, NOVEMBER 24, 2008
1.11 ORATOR:
Memory Link:

Please write three sentences using the following derivatives of the words: ORATE, ORATION, ORATOR

Mr. McLaughlin's English 10B Vocabulary: Unit 4 SAT/ACT Words

4.1 ASTUTE ( ) quick in descernment; shrewd, clever, keen.
Larry thought a new SUIT would make him appear more ASTUTE for his job interview

Louisa has a natural ASTUTENESS in dealing with angry people and winning them over to her view, thereby settling matters amicably.

4.2 BLATHER ( ) to talk nonsensically
Karen and Allison BLATHERED until their mouths LATHERED.

Everything the media reported about the supposed plane disaster never happened. It was a bunch of BLATHER by uninformed journalists.

4.3 CONGENIAL ( ) pleasant to be around; social, agreeable
Folks in JEANS are very CONGENIAL.

Miss Florida was voted Miss CONGENIALITY in the Miss America pageant.

Dr. Armstrong was very CONGENIAL, always a smile and a kind word for his patients, and candies for the children.

4.4 DOLDRUMS ( ) a period or condition of depression or inactivity
All covered with dust, the DOLL DRUMS were in the DOLDRUMS.

Ever since Jackie’s dog died, the little fellow has not touched his toys, moping around day after day in the DOLDRUMS.

For thirteen days we were becalmed in the Horse Latitudes near the equator, out ship drifting in the DOLDRUMS without the faintest breeze to fill the sails of out vessel.

4.5 DRACONIAN ( ) hard, harsh, severe, cruel
Count DRACULA often behaved in a DRACONIAN manner.

Mr. Jeb had a DRACONIAN personality. Nothing his students did pleased him, and rarely did half of his students get passing grades.

Judge McNamara handed down a DRACONIAN sentence to the defendant, sixty days for littering.

The word DRACONIAN did not originate with the fictional character, Count Dracula, but with an ancient Greek official named Dracula who crated a harsh code of laws.

4.6 MARTYR ( ) someone willing to sacrifice and even give his/her life for a cause; also one who pretends suffering to gain sympathy.
It’s HARDER to be a MARTYR.

She was a professional MARTYR, all- suffering for her children, or so she would tell them ten times a day.

Joan of Arc was undoubtedly the most famous MARTYR in modern history, burned at the stake because she refused to go against her beliefs.

Jack was a MARTYR to his job; he worked seven days a week and rarely took a day off.

4.7 MISNOMER ( ) an incorrect or inappropriate name
What a MISNOMER, our little MISS HOMER struck out five times in a row.

A nickname like “Speedy” is a MISNOMER when directed toward one who is slow at what they do.

We usually have dinner at this very small Italian restaurant called The Spaghetti Factory, obviously a MISNOMER of major proportions.

It was no MISNOMER when the called Harry Houdini, “ The Great HOUDINI,” as he was the greatest escape artist of his time.

4.8 MUSTER ( ) to collect or gather; the act of inspection or critical examination.
Each morning the MUSTARD troops are MUSTERED for roll call.

In 1836 the Texans at the Alamo MUSTERED all the troops available to defend against the invading Mexican Army.

The restaurant owner inspected the kitchen and said the eating utensils did not pass MUSTER, and for the dish washer to wash them all over again.

He was MUSTERED into the army at the age of eighteen.

4.9 OBTUSE ( ) insensitive; block- headed, slow in comprehension.
Don’t be OBTUSE, the gorse-thief gets the NOOSE, not the horse.

Hazel was so OBTUSE she thought a watched pot of water never boils.

The OBTUSENESS of some people is due to their unwillingness to accept new ideas.

Don’t pretend to be so OBTUSE. You know the idea of business investing is to buy low and sell high.

4.10 SCRUTINIZE ( ) to look very carefully; to examine
U.S. Customs officials have SCREW EYES when they SCRUTINIZE baggage.

Newspaper proof readers SCRUTINIZE an entire newspaper each day.

Each soldier’s uniform is SCRUTINIZED by his commanding officer.

I SCRUTINIZED all the books in the library and found several I had wanted.

English 10B Vocabulary: Unit 3 SAT/ACT Words

3.1 AMBIANCE (AM bee uns) mood, feeling; general atmosphere
Memory Link: Ambulance George did not enjoy the AMBIANCE in the AMBULANCE.

The AMBIANCE of the locker room after the team lost the championship was depressing.

For their daughter's birthday party, the Jeffersons' created an AMBIANCE of gaiety, decorating the gardent with bright balloons and ribbons.

The AMBIANCE in the Italian restaurant was delightful, there was soft music, candlelight and singing waiters.

3.2 GRANDILOQUENT (gran DIL uh kwunt) attempting to impress with big words or grand gestures
Memory Link: Grand Elephant The GRAND ELEPHANT made a GRANDILOQUENT speech.

It was another GRANDILOQUENT political affair; the candidates made the same old promises for lower taxes and more free services.

They may be eloquent, but here is nothing grand about pompous GRANDILOQUENT speakers.

The new teacher's GRANDILOQUENCE didn't fool the class one bit. She really knew very little about South American History.

3.3 GOSSAMER (GOSS uh mer) delicate floating cobwebs; a sheer gauzy fabric; something delicate, light, flimsy
Memory Link: CUSTOMER The spider's GOSSAMER captured many unhappy CUSTOMERS.

The bride wore a white silk wedding dress which touched the floor as she proceeded up the aisle to the altar. A GOSSAMER of fine Italian lace gently touched her face.

Between the audience and the actors on the stage hung a thing GOSSAMER of fabric, heightening the feeling that the actors were in a dream-like setting.

3.4 HARROWING (HARE roe ing) extremely distressed; disturbing or frightening
Memory Link: HARE ROWING A HARROWING experience for a HARE ROWING.

After the HARROWING experience when Eddies main parachute didn't open, and his emergerncy chute save him only at the last minute, he vowed never to jump again.

(HARRIED is to be troubled or bothered while HARROWING is to be frightened to the extreme.) At first we were HARRIED by the gang members and insulted, but later it became a HARROWING experience as they chased and threatened us with knives.

3.5 IRASCIBLE (i RAS uh bul) easily angered, irritable
Memory Link: WRESTLE BULLS When he became IRASCIBLE, the Masked Marvel would WRESTLE BULLS.

Normally, Rose was a pleasant wife and mother but if a member of her family prevented her from watching her favorite "soaps," she could become quite IRASCIBLE.

Uncle Tim was a real grouch, even on his birthday he would find a way to become so IRASCIBLE as a spoiled child.

The school principal became so IRASCIBLE even his teachers avoided speaking to him.

3.6 LASSITUDE (LAS uh tood) listlessness; torpor, weariness
Memory Link: LAZY DUDE A LAZY DUDE with LASSITUDE.

After eating three servints of Thanksgiving dinner, George succumbed to a feeling of LASSITUDE and fell asleep on the couch.

Having worked for the cannery for twenty years without a raise, Charles became discouraged with his employers and approached his daily work with unenthusiastic LASSITUDE.

3.7 LACONIC (luh KAHN ik) brief, using few words
Memory Link: Grandma was laconic when giving grandpa his TONIC.

3.8 MYRIAD (MIR ee ud) an extremely large number
Memory Link: The trick MIRROR ADDs a myriad of reflections.

3.9 NOXIOUS(KNOCKS ee us) physically or mentally destructive, or harmful to human beings
Memory Link: Her overdose of perfume was so noxious that it knocked us off the bench.

3.10 QUEUE (Q) to form or to wait in line
Memory Link: The "Q's" formed a Q to jump into the alphabet soup.

English 10B Vocabulary: Unit 2 SAT/ACT Words

2.1 ARDUOUS (Ahr joo us) hard, difficult, tiresome
Memory link: the arduous snow covered trail is hard on us

It was an ARDUOUS climb up the 5 mile hill.

The pace of the track meet was ARDUOUS and left many runners tired and ready to go to sleep.

The assignment given the recruits was ARDUOUS, twenty miles with full packs in the hot sun.

Swimming three miles was the most ARDUOUS excersize Jeannie ever had.

The long, ARDUOUS boat trip was made even worse by stormy seas and much seasickness.

It was the most ARDUOUS puzzle I had to ever solved, it took days to solve it.

2.2 ASUNDER (uh SUN dur) separate parts; apart from each other in position
Memory link: The thunder tore the young lovers asunder
Friday, December 5, 2008

The big storm made the houses all ASUNDER. Nothing was one piece anymore.

When the earthquake stopped, and we came up from our shelter, we found the city had been torn ASUNDER and not one single building was left standing.

Our team lost its unity and became a group of individuals who played entirely for themselves, ASUNDER from each other.

Bowling pins ASUNDER from each other when the ball hit them.

Their relationship was brought to an ASUNDER; they couldn’t be together any longer.


2.3 ASKEW (uh skew) to one side; crooked; awry; a sidelong look of contempt
Memory link: Curlys pool cue had become askew.Friday December 7, 2007
Thursday, December 4, 2007

Our backbones have an ASKEW bend to them.

After the flood receded, the bridge was found to be ASKEW of the road which connected to it.

The tire wouldn't fit on the car beacause in the accident the axle had been bent ASKEW.

The speaker looked ASKEW at the heckler at every interruption.

Marcy looked at Jan with an ASKEW look because she said a rude comment.

The picture was too ASKEW; nothing fit together.

2.4 BELEAGUER (be Lee gur) to besiege; beset; surround, harass
Memory link: the little leaguers beleaguered the big leaguers.
Friday, December 5, 2007.

The ants BELEAGUERED the ham sandwich at the picnic.

In World War II, the Russian city of Staligrac was BELEAGUERED by the German ARmy for five months before it fell to the Germans.

During his last year in office, Richard Nixon was a BELEAGUERED president, struggling to fight off the Watergate scandal.

In the midst of important negotiations, the union official asked his staff not to BELEAGUER him with insignificant details.

Tom BELEAGUERED Jimmy at recesses all day long. Jimmy cried.

My mom was BELEASGUERING me with many questions so I told her to back off.

2.5 DULCET (DULL set) melodious, soft, soothing
Memory link: If you don’t like opera, even the most Dulcet tones of the finest sopranos make for a dull sit.

The DULCET sound of her voice could put any baby to sleep.

Senator Kramer was a political campaigner who could hypnotize an audience with sweet words and DULCET tones.

Jeff's parents declared there was nothing DULCET about the rock-and-roll music that shook the house from his room every morning as he dressed for school.

The radio therapists voice was DULCET and calmed her listeners down and made them comfortable sharing their problems on the radio with thousands of listeners.

Some people need "white noise" to sleep as they find it DULCET. It doesn't work for me and drives me crazy. I need the room to be silent to sleep.

2.6 EFFACE (uh FACE) to rub away
Memory link: how to efface a face by erasing it

Sometimes people who commit crimes will EFFACE all evidence.

We came upon a cemetary by the sea. Many of the headstone inscriptions had been EFFACED by the ravages of time, but we could make out many that were well over two hundred years old.

To assure that he left no clues, the thief EFFACED his fingerprints from the stolen car.

Someone vandalized the museum paintings by EFFACING each one with red spray paint.

Over the years, the color on the pictures started EFFACING slowly.

I EFFACED the dirt off my arms.

2.7 HISTRIONIC (his tree AHN ik) overly dramatic, theatrical
Memory link: Professor Bradley likes his history on the histrionic side

Jess was always HISTRIONIC about everything. Even about the littlest things possible.

As soon as you would mention thw word wrinkle the middle-aged actress would fall into a state of HISTRONIC tears.

Everything Michael said was on the swaggering, HISTRONIC side, as if he were the coolest guy on campus.

The children's HISTRONICS when they couldn't find their toys made everyone uncomfortable.

The HISTRIONICS within the movie made it more exiting.

The movie was too HISTIONIC for me too handle.

2.8 MILIEU (mill you) environment or surroundings
Memory link: the boys’ locker room showers were a milieu of mildew

After a long sea journey, a sailor on land for the first days feels out his MILIEU.

The proper MILIEU for raising a family is a home setting with loving parents who understand child rearing; something every parent must work at and not take for granted.

I always love the MILIEU in an airplane; its always friendly.

Its always a good MILIEU when the house is clean.

The New York Stock Exchange is a MILIEU of frenzied activity during trading hours.

2.9 PORCINE (pore sein) reminiscent of or pertaining to a pig
Memory link: it was a poor scene when mark arrived with his porcine date
Thursday, December 4, 2007

Her skin had a PORCINE color that bugged me.

After an around the world cruise, where each meal is a grand feast, Bob and Helen returned home with PORCINE figures.

She had a PORCINE attitude about food; that is to say she would eat anything and everthing.

Over the college years he has gotten the PORCINE. look.

Bob was a PORCINE when it came to food but he was still skinny.

2.10 QUIXOTIC ( kwik SAHT ik) idealistic and totally impractical
Memory link: Jim, the messenger, is not idiotic, he’s just quixotic.
Wednesday, December 3, 2007

Her freinds thought her QUIXOTIC when planning big parties; she just loved to dream big.

Professor Callan said it is QUIXOTIC of society to ignore the world's environmental problems.

Puttingall taxpayers on the honor system is a QUIXOTIC suggestions.

Sue had the most QUIXOTIC ideas of what her life would be like if she ever won the lottery.

The man's behavior was QUIXOITIC, he sat outside of mcdonalds thinking he would get free big macs everyday.

The VOCABULARY FRAME Method of Learning Content Vocabulary

VOCABULARY FRAMES: Vocabulary Learning Unit Strategy 2--Similar to The Frayer Model

Top Right Corner: Write the word’s definition

Top Left Corner: Write the word’s opposite and cross it out

Lower Left Corner: Write a silly sentence that uses the definition of the word

Lower Right Corner: Draw a graphic to help you visualize the concept

In the Center: Write the word & Isolate any prefixesIsolate the rootNote the meaning of the rootIsolate any suffixesLabel the part of speech in parenthesis

Speech Weekly Summary 10/1-10/4/2007

Monday 10/1 Complete LATE Peer Biography Speeches. Follow-up reading from Friday in Glencoe's SPEECH book pp. 354-377 on persuasive speaking. Review key vocabulary for the persuasive speaking. Topic brainstorming and selection of Opinion Speech topics. Discuss audience analysis bulletin boards for Opinion Speech. Portfolio preparation for P/T Conferences. Reminder to have students communicate Mr. McLaughlin's availability for conferences: Monday 10/1 from 4:00-6:15 PM and Thursday 10/4 from 6:30-8:00 PM. Homework: Brainstorm three possible topics. Get a head start on the bulletin boards for Opinion Speeches.

English 10B Vocabulary: Unit 1 SAT/ACT Words

1.1 ALOOF (uh LOOF) distant, reserved in manner; uninvolved
Memory Link: Snowball, the cat, was so ALOOF when guests came she hid on the ROOF.

Most everyone thought Theodore ALOOF when actually he was only very shy.

Nothing ruins a fine dinner at a good restaurant like an ALOOF waiter who makes the entire experience uncomfortable.

At the wedding reception, the bride's relatives were very ALOOF, hardly speaking to the groom's guests and family.

1.2 AUSTERE (aw STEER) stern, as in manner; without excess, unadorned, severly simple and plain
Memory Link: An AUSTERE STEER is no fun at a party.

Jill's father was AUSTERE, rarely smiled and was always stern with her about having dates with boys he didn't know.

The AUSTERITY of life in the village was understandable. Many were jobless and evidence of poverty was everywhere.

Her home was AUSTERELY decorated, very plain furniture without frills and only items that were necessary.

1.3 BULWARK (BULL wurk) a defensive wall; something serving as a principle defense.
Memory Link: BULLS WORK building a BULWARK.

Quebec City is the only city in North America with a BULWARK built entirely around it.

The budget for national defense is an economic burden for all taxpayers, but we must never forget our armed services are the BULLWARK of defense for the nation.

Our mother was a BULWARK against bad times; no matter how bad things became, she always wore a smile and had a cheerful word.

1.4 CACOPHONY (kuh KAFH uh uee) harsh sounds
Memory Link: A CACOPHONY of COUGHING.

A CACOPHONY isn't noise alone, it is disturbing noise such as when people shout all at once.

Gene thinks all rock music is a CACOPHONY to be avoided whenever possible.

An unpleasant CACOPHONY of sound was produced as the orchestra tuned their instruments. But once they began to play together the sounds become euphonious.

1.5 CEREBRAL (suh REE brul) of or relating to the brain; an intellectual person
Memory Link: Eat your CEREAL so you'll grow up and be CEREBRAL like your father.

CEREBRAL for a football player, the wily Kansas quarterback rarely called a play that wasn't well planned and thought out.

Dr.Clark was too CEREBRAL to be a boy scout leader. Instead of saying "pitch your tents over by the cliff," he would confuse everyone with his big words and say, "construct the canvas shelters in the proximity of the promontory.

1.6 CONNOISSEUR (kahn uh sur) an expert, particularly in matters of art and taste.
Memory Link: The KING OF the SEWER is a CONNOISSEUR of garbage.

My uncle is a CONNOISSEUR of fine wines.

Art dealer, Jorge Guizar, is a CONNOISSEUR of Mexican art of the 19th century.

When it came to coins, Jerry proclaimed he was a CONNOISSEUR, because he had collected them all his life.

1.7 FORBEAR (for BAYR) to refrain from; to abstain; to be patient or tolerant
Memory Link: Please FORBEAER feeding the FOR BEARS.

To FORBEAR your opinion on any controversia matter until yyou have first heard all the facts is generally the wisest course of action.

Jonathan said his motto was to never FORBEAR a good party for another time when you can have one today.

Henry FORBORE his decision to close the store, deciding to wait until after the Christmas season.

1.8 INCONGRUOUS (in KAHN grew us) not appropriate, unsuited to the surroundings; not fitting in
Memory Link: The new Alaskkan senator's presence IN CONGRESS was INCONGRUOUS.

Ed appeared INCONGRUOUS wearing his tuxedo on an old-fashioned hayride.

The INCONGRUITY with Joseph's chosen career was that he had a Ph.D. in chemistry, but preferred to work as a mullet fisherman.

INCONGRUOUSLY, Dianne spent several days a week at the library, even though she professed that she didn't like to read.

1.9 LAMENT (la MINT) to express sorrow or regret; to mourn
Memory Link: We LAMENT that Joe got buried in CEMENT.

The song, "Cowboy's LAMENT," is a ballad about the lonely life of those who drive cattle for a living.

The nation LAMENTS the passing of the President while at the same time celebrating his achievements while in office.

It is LAMENTABLE that Rosecoe quit college in his sophomore year; his professors considered him the brightest engineering student in his class.

1.10 LANGUISH (LANG gwish) to become weak or feeble; sag with loss of strength
Memory Link: A FISH on LAND will quickly LANGUISH.

An outdoorsman all his life, Mr. Franklin quickly LANGUISHED in his job as a night watchman.

It was so hot in the theater, Charlotte soon began to LANGUISH.

(To LANGUISH is to be LANGUID.) The fish in the aquarium hardly stirred, moving LANGUIDLY when they moved at all.