Selecting Resources: Information Timeline

Selecting Appropriate Resources: Timeline & Credibility

The World Wide Web--Most Immediate, Publishing Hourly

Time Frame: Immediately - several years after the event
Audience: General public - scholars, researchers, and students
Authorship: General public - scholars, researchers, and students
Content: General overview - detailed analysis
Length: One screen with few links - many screens with several links

EXAMPLES:
CNN Interactive (http://www.cnn.com/)
JAMA HIV/AIDS Information Center (http://www.ama-assn.org/special/hiv/hivhome.htm)Entertainment Weekly (http://www.ew.com/ew)

Why consult a world wide web page?
Immediate coverage of an event
Access to information that is not available in print format
Sometimes more detailed coverage
Sometimes additional resources from footnotes and bibliography
Statistics, Graphs & Charts may be available

How to Find World Wide Web Pages

Evaluating Web-Pages for Credibility

http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/Evaluate.html

Evaluating Online Resources Notebook by UIS Professor Ray Schroeder
Evaluating Web Resources by Jan Alexander and Marsha Ann Tate, Wolfgram Memorial Library, Widener University
How to Evaluate a Web Page from Colorado State University.
Teaching Undergrads Web Evaluation by Jim Kapoun, in College & Research Libraries News (July/August 1998)
Thinking Critically about World Wide Web Resources by Esther Grassian, UCLA College Library

Newspapers--Relatively Immediate, Publishing Daily

Time Frame: One day - one week after the event
Audience: General Public
Authorship: Reporters
Content: Summary or overview of the event;basic factual information coveringwho, what, where, when, and how
Length: Brief

EXAMPLES:
The New York Times;
The Washington Post;
The Raleigh News and Observer

Why consult a newspaper?
Statistical information
Local news coverage
Immediate news coverage
Photographs
Editorials

How to Find Newspapers

Popular Magazines--Immediate, In-Depth, Publishing Weekly

Time Frame: 1 week - 1 month after the event
Audience: General Public
Authorship: Journalists
Content: General Overview; summary of the eventcovering who, what, where, when, howand starting to analyze why
Length: 1-5 pages

EXAMPLES:
Time;
Newsweek;
National Geographic

Why consult a popular magazine?
Statistical information
General overview of a current event; more detailed analysis than a newspaper
Public opinion
Photographs

How to Find Magazines

Determining the difference between popular magazines vs. scholarly journals.

Scholarly Journals: Intermittent, Monthly, Quarterly

Time Frame: Several months - years after the event
Audience: Scholars, researchers, and students
Authorship: Scholars and researchers
Content: Research; theories; study and experimental results;and analysis
Length: Many pages (usually over 5 pages)

EXAMPLES:
Journal of Child Development;
Journal of the American Medical Association;
American Quarterly, etc.

Why consult a scholarly journal?
More in depth examination of a subject
Additional resources from footnotes and bibliography
Statistics
Graphs

How to Find Scholarly Journals

Determining the difference between popular magazines vs. scholarly journals.

Reference Sources: Encyclopedias, Handbooks

Time Frame: Several months - years after the event
Audience: General Public- specialists
Authorship: Scholars and specialists
Content: General Overview
Length: Varies among sources

EXAMPLES:
Dictionary of Art;
Encyclopedia of the American West;American Decades; etc.

Why consult a reference resource?
Background information
Overview
Statistics

Additional resources - bibliographies

How to Find Reference Resources and Background Information

Books--Published Yearly, Extended Time After Event

Time Frame: At least 1 year - several years after the event
Audience: General public - scholars, researchers, and students
Authorship: Scholars and researchers
Content: Detailed analysis; sometimes a compilation ofarticles from several scholars
Length: Numerous pages - often over 100 pages

EXAMPLES:
Negotiating Difference;The Press of Ideas;
Women, Art and Society

Why consult a book?
Detailed analysis of a subject
Multiple viewpoints often portrayed - especially in a compilation of articles
Additional resources found in footnotes and bibliography

How to Find Books

Cramer, Steven. "Part 4: Selecting Resources." Guide to Library Research. 14 July 2003. Duke University. 25 Nov 2006 http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/selecting.htm.

Evaluating Your Sources for Credibility

http://library.uis.edu/findinfo/evaluate.html
Critically Analyzing Information Sources (Cornell University)
Evaluating Web Pages: Techniques to Apply & Questions to Ask (UC Berkeley)
Evaluating Web Resources (Jan Alexander and Marsha Ann Tate, Widener University)
Evaluating Web Sites (The Ohio State University)
The Good, the Bad, & the Ugly: or, Why It's a Good Idea to Evaluation Web Sources (Susan E. Beck, New Mexico State University)

Further Reading

Ciolek, T.M. (1996). The six quests for the electronic grail: Current approaches to information quality in WWW resources. Retrieved 30 October 2004 from http://www.ciolek.com/PAPERS/six-quests1996.html

Standler, R.B. (2004, May 25). Evaluating credibility of information on the Internet. Retrieved 30 October 2004 from http://www.rbs0.com/credible.pdf

Stanford Persuasive Technology Lab. (2004). The web credibility project. Retrieved 30 October 2004 from http://credibility.stanford.edu/

Tillman, H.N. (2003, March). Evaluating quality on the net. Retrieved 30 October 2004 from http://www.hopetillman.com/findqual.html

DAILY ORAL LANGUAGE: ACT Preparation--Grammar, Usage & Mechanics & Rhetorical Skills Quiz 3

Daily Oral Language Assignments

Each day of Mr. McLaughlin's English 10B Class will begin with a short "sponge" activity. On some days we will begin with the ACT preparation assignments like the ones listed in this entry.

On other days we will be working with ACT/SAT Vocabulary words. For your convenience & for your study, these are being posted here for your convenience and to study for our in class quizzes.

Your learning of this material will be covered on our quizzes. We will have a quiz each two weeks.



The following Daily Oral Language Lessons will be scheduled following break.

ACT Test Preparation, Passage II.1 Day 11.doc

ACT Test Preparation, Passage II.2 Day 12.doc

ACT Test Preparation, Passage II.3 Day 13.doc

ACT Test Preparation, Passage II.4 Day 14.doc

ACT Test Preparation, Passage II.5 Day 15.doc

ACT Test Preparation, Passage II.6 Day 16.doc

ACT Test Preparation, Passage II.7 Day 17.doc

ACT Test Preparation, Passage II.8 Day 18.doc

ACT Test Preparation, Passage II.9 Day 19.doc

ACT Test Preparation, Passage II.10 Day 20.doc

Refining a Topic

REFINING A TOPIC

Introduction Narrowing a Topic Broadening a Topic

INTRODUCTION

Once you have found some background information, you can refine your broad research topic into a narrow, focused topic. The sooner you can develop a broad subject into a focused topic, the sooner you can shape your research into a finished paper.

On the other hand, if your subject is too focused or detailed, you may have a hard time finding enough sources to write an acceptable paper. In this case, to need to broaden your topic.
If you need assistance refining your topic, please consult any reference librarian/librarian.

NARROWING A TOPIC

A topic that covers too much material is a common problem for students. Depending on your interests, a general topic can be focused in many ways. For example, if you want to do a paper on government funding of the arts, consider the following questions:

What do you already know about this subject?

Is there a specific time period you want to cover?

Is there a geographic region or country on which you would like to focus?

Is there a particular aspect of this topic that interests you? For example, public policy

implications, historical influence, sociological aspects, psychological angles, specific groups or individuals involved in the topic, etc.

Topic Narrowing:

General Topic
Government funding of the arts

Time Span
1930s

Place
USA

Event or Aspects
New Deal, painting

Narrowed Topic Sentence
Federal funding of painters through New Deal programs and the Works Progress
Administration.

Boolean Searching

The logical operators AND and NOT can be used in database searches to narrow a search statement. For more information, consult Electronic Searching.

Using the Online Catalog to Narrow a Topic:

Sometimes the online catalog can give you some ideas for narrowing a topic. Many subject headings in the catalog are broken down into subheadings that define geographical locations, material types, or specific aspects of a topic. Some subject headings also have Search also under or See also notes and links that identify other related or narrower subjects.

Starting a subject heading search with a general topic may be a good way to discover related subject headings and more narrow elements of a topic.

Subdivisions of a subject headings are also useful for identifying more specific elements
of a topic.

BROADENING A TOPIC

Topics that are too narrow are fairly simple to fix. Think of parallel and broader associations for your subject to find a broader topic that will be easier to research. Sometimes a topic may be too new and sources to your research questions may not yet exist.

For example, if you want to do a paper on the effect of deforestation on Colombia's long-term ability to feed its citizens, consider the following questions:

Could you examine other countries or regions in addition to Colombia?

Could you think more broadly about this topic? Give thought to wider topics like agriculture and sustainable development.

Who are the key players in this topic? The government? Citizens? International organizations?

What other issues are involved in this topic? Such as, how can natural resources be allocated most economically to sustain the populace of Colombia?

Topic Broadening:

Specific Topic
What is the effect of deforestation on Columbia’s long-term ability to feed its citizens?

Alternative Focus
Agriculture, sustainable development

Alternative Place
South America

Alternative Person or Group
United Nations and its subgroups

Alternative Event or Aspect
Birth Control

Broadened Topic Sentence
How can the United Nations encourage South American countries to employ sustainable development practices?

Boolean Searching

The logical operator OR can be used in online database searches to broaden a search statement. For more information, consult Electronic Searching.

Using the Online Catalog to Broaden a Topic:

The online catalog may suggest other terms that are related to a subject heading. These terms show up when you click on "about" after a subject heading. This link will take you to a scope note that defines what kinds of materials are cataloged under that heading. Often links to broader terms can be found within these scope notes.

This term represents a broader aspect of the original search term.

Cramer, Steven. "Refining a Topic." Guide to Library Research. 1 November 2002. Duke University. 17 Nov 2006 http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/refining.htm.

Finding Background Information: Beginning Research

FINDING BACKGROUND INFORMATION

General Encyclopedias
Specialized/Subject Specific Encyclopedias
Specialized/Subject Specific Dictionaries
Almanacs
Handbooks
Periodical
Articles from Full-Text Databases
Biographical Sources
Other Sources via the Catalog
How to Use These Sources Most Effectively

A good way to begin your research is to locate and read short articles that will give you a broad overview of a topic. You can find these articles in a variety of reference materials. Also, these resources often provide bibliographies -- lists of books and articles that will allow you to discover what else is available on a subject.

GENERAL ENCYCLOPEDIAS

Since they are designed to cover all branches of knowledge, general encyclopedias are likely to have some information on every topic. They are often good sources to consult first, since they introduce the main concepts about a subject and suggest other sources that may be helpful.
Most libraries have a variety of general encyclopedias in the 030 call number area. If your topic involves international issues and you can read another language, consider looking at one of the many encyclopedias published in other countries.

Finding general encyclopedias requires only that you do a subject heading search for "encyclopedias and dictionaries." However, to make sure you are retrieving records for the most up-to-date publications, it is wise to limit your search to items published in this decade. For example:

Here are some examples of titles you will retrieve from this search:

The World Book Encyclopedia.
Lilly Reference 031 W927, 2000

The New Encyclopaedia Britannica (also available online).
Perkins Reference 031 N532, 1998

SPECIALIZED/SUBJECT-SPECIFIC ENCYCLOPEDIAS

Specialized or subject-specific encyclopedias provide more detailed articles written by experts in a field. There are hundreds of specialized encyclopedias. Bibliographies in these sources tend to be more comprehensive than bibliographies in general encyclopedias.
To locate encyclopedias for specific subjects, do a subject heading search in the online catalog for your subject followed by the word "encyclopedias." For example, if you wanted to find encyclopedias for psychology, your search would look like this:

From this search you can expect to find the following source among the several records this search retrieves:

Encyclopedia of Psychology.
Perkins Reference 150.3 E56, 2000

Here are other examples of subject-specific encyclopedias:

McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology.
Perkins Reference 503 M147, 1997
Lilly Reference 503 M147, 1997

Encyclopaedia Judaica.
Perkins Reference 296.03 E56
Divinity Reference 296.03 E56

SPECIALIZED/SUBJECT-SPECIFIC DICTIONARIES

Technical and discipline-specific definitions not listed in general dictionaries may be available in subject-specific dictionaries. Definitions in these types of dictionaries are usually more detailed than those found in standard dictionaries; many subject-specific dictionaries resemble encyclopedias more than traditional dictionaries. Illustrations and bibliographic references are common.

To find dictionaries for special subjects, try a subject heading search for your subject followed by the term "dictionaries":

This search will find sources like the following:

A Dictionary of Architecture
Lilly Reference 720.3 C975, D554, 1999

A Short Dictionary of Architecture, Including Some Common Building Terms.
Perkins Reference 720.3 W268S
Lilly Reference 720.3 W268S

International Dictionary of Architects and Architecture
Lilly 720.9 I61, 1993

ALMANACS

Almanacs are filled with up-to-date answers to all kinds of questions. Whether you are looking for basic statistics on state funding of welfare programs or recent winners of the Stanley Cup, you are likely to find the information in an almanac. They provide figures, charts, tables, and statistics.

Do a subject heading search in the online catalog for "almanacs." Limit your search to serial publications. You can then choose from geographic subdivisions, or browse "almanacs,

"American" for example.

Some good standard almanacs include:

World Almanac and Book of Facts.
Perkins Reference 317.73 W927
Lilly Ready Reference 317.73 W927A

The Time Almanac (formerly the Information Please Almanac)
Perkins Reference 317.3 I43

Whitaker's Almanack.
Perkins Reference 314.2 W478 (latest)

Next latest Lilly Reference

HANDBOOKS

Handbooks supply concise factual information like charts, formulas, tables, statistical data, and historical background. Because they are updated frequently, handbooks include information about new developments. References to additional information are usually included.

Handbooks can be found in the catalog by doing a subject heading search for your topic plus the term "handbooks."

For example, the Duke Libraries owns several physics handbooks:

The Physics Quick Reference Guide.
Vesic Reference 530 C678, P578, 1996

Handbook of Physical Quantities.
Vesic Reference 530.0212 H236, 1997

PERIODICAL ARTICLES FROM FULL-TEXT DATABASES

Sometimes articles in newspapers or general interest periodicals (Newsweek, Time, National Geographic, etc.) can provide a quick overview of a subject. Use one of the library's full text databases to find such articles.

Keep in mind that articles you find in these resources should be viewed as the beginning -- and not necessarily the end -- of your research. Searches in general periodical indexes may also provide you with an idea of what kinds of articles are being written about a subject.
For more information about locating articles in periodicals, see Finding Journal and Magazine Articles and Finding Newspaper Articles.

BIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

Sometimes you may want to learn something about a person without having to read a full-length biography. The Duke Libraries own several biographical reference works that provide relatively brief articles about thousands of people. You can always expect to find something about the most famous people. It should also be possible to find something about fairly obscure people.
Most of the biographical reference works are cataloged by country and the subdivision "biography--dictionaries." For example, to find a source for biographies of U.S. citizens, you would do a subject heading search that looks like this:

Here is a list of some of the most useful biographical reference works. There is also a list of biographical databases.

Dictionary of American Biography [1928].
Perkins Reference 920.07 J66DLilly Reference 920 D554A

Who's Who in America.
Perkins Reference Desk 920.07 L581
Lilly Reference 920 W628AD

Dictionary of National Biography: the concise dictionary.
Perkins Reference 920.042 D554AB
Lilly Reference 920 D554NCb

Encyclopedia of World Biography.
Perkins Reference 920.003 E56, 1998

New York Times Biographical Service.
Perkins Reference q 920.02 N567
Lilly Reference 920 N567

Contemporary Authors.
Perkins Reference Book Review Index Table 928 C761A
Lilly Reference 920 C761A (also available online via Literature Resource Center)

Indexes to biographical sources are invaluable resources. The best biographical indexes are available online: Biography Reference Bank,Biography & Genealogy Master Index

OTHER SOURCES VIA THE CATALOG

You can also find background information through a keyword search of the online catalog. Search for your broad topic with keywords like companion, guide, or survey, as in this example:

This search will uncover:

Guide to the Sources of Medieval History.
Perkins Reference 940.108 C127, G946, 1978

This search will uncover:

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy.
Perkins Reference 100 O98, 1995
Lilly Reference 100 O98, 1995

In NetLibrary: http://www.netlibrary.com/

A Companion to World Philosophies.
Lilly Reference 109 C737, 1997

HOW TO USE THESE SOURCES MOST EFFECTIVELY

As you read about a subject, take note of distinctive and unique words used to describe the topic. These will be the keywords you can use to search for additional information in other sources.

To save yourself time and trouble, write down the author, title, and publication information for every source you consult. You will need this information if you need to write a bibliography or find the publication again.

Locate the publications listed in the bibliography at the end of articles. These ready-made reading lists are sources authors may have used to put their work together, and you may also find these same sources helpful for your research.

Cramer, Steven. "Part 2: Finding Background Information." Guide to Library Research. 27 July 2001. Duke Unisversity. 15 Nov 2006 . http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/background.htm.

Choosing a Topic: A Guide to Library Research

CHOOSING A TOPIC:
A GUIDE TO LIBRARY RESEARCH

What are you going to research?

Sometimes choosing a topic is the biggest hurdle in doing research. Your instructor may assign a general or specific topic, or the choice may be up to you. Knowing where to look for ideas will help you find an interesting subject.

Where can you get ideas?

Your interests, the things you have been reading, and conversations you have had in class or with others are often good sources of ideas.

Sources of background information like general encyclopedias, subject-specific encyclopedias or dictionaries, or textbooks can be sources of ideas.

Current periodicals may give you an idea of hot research topics. Look through some recent issues of journals or magazines in the Current Periodicals collection in Perkins Library.
Browsing the shelves in the library is also a good way to get an idea of topics which have intrigued authors. Consult this general browsing guide to find out where books on a general subject are shelved. Since books at Duke are shelved together by topic, once you have identified the call number of one book, you can browse for related books.

What are your information requirements?

When analyzing your assignment, you will also want to consider the type, quantity, and format of information you will need. Answering the following questions may help you organize your research:

What kind of assignment do you have to complete? (e.g., 5 minute oral presentation, 10 page paper, 50 page paper)

How much information do you need?

Is currency important?

What types of publications do you want to read? (newspaper articles, books, journal articles, diaries, trade publications, etc.)

What formats do you need? (visual, audio, printed, electronic)

Is point of view an issue? Do you need opinions?

How much time do you have?

What are the keywords that describe your topic?

Once you have identified your subject, think about questions your research might help you answer. State your topic as a question. Think about the significant terms, concepts, and keywords that describe your topic. These terms will become the key for searching catalogs, indexes, and databases for information about your subject.

Example:

How did New Deal programs influence the arts in America?

Keywords:

New Deal United States Depression Art Federal Aid to the Arts

Cramer, Steven. "Part 1: Choosing a Topic." Guide to Library Research. 27 July 2001. Duke Unisversity. 14 Nov 2006 http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/choosing.htm.